Lathe Machine

BASIC CONCEPT OF LATHE MACHINE

Lathe is one of the most versatile and widely used machine tools all over the world. It is commonly known as the mother of all other machine tool.

LATHE MACHINE

The main function of a lathe is to remove metal from a job to give it the required shape and size. The job is securely and rigidly held in the chuck or in between centers on the lathe machine and then turn it against a single point cutting tool which will remove metal from the job in the form of chips. Pictured attached shows the working principle of lathe.

WORKING PRINCIPAL OF LATHE MACHINE

An engine lathe is the most basic and simplest form of the lathe. It derives its name from the early lathes, which obtained their power from engines.

Besides the simple turning operation as described above, lathe can be used to carry out other operations also, such as drilling, reaming, boring, taper turning, knurling, screw thread cutting, grinding etc.

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Basic Understanding: Lathe Machine Identifications

Basic Understanding: Lathe Machine Identifications

A Lathe Machine is manufactured from grey cast iron which includes Lathe Machine bed itself, Headstock, Tailstock, Slides & other most of the parts. The main reason it is made from grey cast iron because it can absorbs vibration better than steel and convert it in heat. Also, grey cast iron can be machined easily.

Bed: The bed of the lathe machine is the base of the lathe machine where all other parts of the machine are mounted. Preet Lathe Machine bed is made from graded grey cast iron. Machine bed is decided as per length of the turning required, which is called Admit Between Centre or Distance Between Centre.

Head Stock: The outer surface of the head stock is made from cast iron and it comprises of alloy spindle, gears and bearings. There are two types of headstocks that comes along with the machines i.e. Cone Pulley Head Structure & All Geared Head Structure.  Please go through link for more detail on Head Structure:

http://allgearedlathemachine.blogspot.com/2012/10/all-geared-lathe-vs-cone-pulley-lathe.html

Tail Stock: It is basically for giving support to the circular jobs being turned on centres. Dead Centre, Live Centre & Rotating Centre are used for these kinds of jobs where Tail Stock Spindle Centre is manufactured with Morse Taper as per job requirement.

Carriage: Carriage is mounted on the guide ways of the lathe machine and it can move in a direction parallel to the spindle axis. It comprises of important parts like apron, cross slide, saddle, compound rest and tool post.

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Basic Understanding of Turning on Lathe Machine

Turning Basics

Atop the cross slide is the "compound rest," which can be rotated to any angle and secured. The compound rest also holds the "tool post," where tools are mounted. Tools may also be mounted in the Tail Stock for end-working operations.

External turning can be broken down into a number of basic operations. "Straight turning" reduces the work to a specified diameter equally along the work’s axis. "Taper turning" produces a taper along the axis of the work piece. Tapers are produced by either offsetting the Tail Stock from center line or by using a taper attachment. Some short, steep tapers can be obtained by using the compound rest alone.

Contour turning or profiling uses a single-point cutting tool to reproduce a surface contour from a template. Forming uses a cutting tool ground with the form or geometry of the desired shape. This forming tool is advanced perpendicular to the axis of the work to reproduce its shape on the work piece. Other external lathe operations include "chamfering" to remove sharp edges, "grooving" to produce recesses and shoulders, "facing" to finish the ends of a work piece, "parting" to cut off finished pieces from the stock, and "thread chasing" with tools to produce the desired thread form.

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All Geared Lathe Vs Cone Pulley Lathe

All Geared Lathe Machine

Lathe which is equipped with All Geared Headstock  is easy to operate as there is no manual slip of Belt from one step to any other. All Geared Lathe have three or more than three shafts mounted within & it is shown in the picture below.

All Geared Lathe Headstock View

 The gears are equipped to obtain different speeds, which can be more than 18 spindle speeds. The middle shaft has got three gears D,E & F as a single unit, thus will rotate at similar speed. The spline shaft also have three gears mounted as A,B & C on it. The three gears can made to slide with the help of the lever mounted in front of the Headstock as shown below.


All Geared Lathe - Preet Lathe Series

This movement enables the Gear A to contact with the Gear D or with other gears. This sliding movement on the either of the shafts with the help of the levers, different gears get in touch with each other & these gears are connected to the main Spindle. So, with the rotation of the Electric Motor Pulley, these gears are also in drive and rotates the spindle, producing different RPM. All Speed Changes are done with the series of levers on the front of the Headstock & are like shifting gears in a Car.

Cone Pulley or V Belt Drive Lathe Machine

The V Belt Lathe Machine or famously known as Conventional Lathe Machine in Batala or Cone Pulley Lathe Machine is one of the oldest form of the Lathe Machines, in which the different speeds are obtained with the help of the belt arranged on the four different steps of the cone pulley. A step Cone Pulley is attached with the Head Stock Spindle.

Cone Pulley Presentation

 The Conventional Lathe Machine or Cone Pulley Lathe has four steps as in the above picture (A,B,C,D) & on the other side there is another pulley which also have four steps (E,F,G,H) which is placed parallel to the Spindle Cone Pulley. Both the Pulleys are connected with the Belt and the V Belt is connected to the Electric Motor. The Belt can be arranged between the steps A&H, B&G, C&F & D&F manually, thus the required speed is attained. The Spindle speed will be maximum when the belt is arranged between A & H while the minimum speed will be attained when the belt is arranged between D & E. In this kind of Lathe, Operator have to slip the Belt from one step to another manually.